Gibbs Free Energy to Equilibrium Constant?

1.) Determine ΔG° for the following reaction:

Fe2O3(aq) + 3/2O2(g) –> 2Fe(s) + 3CO2 (g)

Use the following reactions with known ΔG°rxn values:

2Fe(s) + 3/2O2(g) –> Fe2O3(s) ______ ΔG°= -742.2 kJ
CO(g) + ½O2(g) –> CO2(g) ______ ΔG°= -257.2 kJ

2.) Copper metal is obtained by melting copper (I) sulfide ores:
Cu2S(s) + O2(g) –> 2Cu(s) + SO2(g)

Use the data in the appendix to calculate ΔSsystem, ΔSsurr, and ΔStotal at 25°C for this reaction. Is the reaction spontaneous under standard-state conditions at 25°C?

ΔSsurr=- ΔH/T. ΔSsystem is the change in entropy of the reaction being performed.

3.) Consider the evaporation of methanol at 25°C:

CH3OH(l) –> CH3OH(g)

a)Find ΔG° at 25°C
b)Find ΔG° at 25°C under the following nonstandard conditions:
i. PCH3oH= 150 mmHg
ii. PCH3oH= 100 mmHg
iii. PCH3oH= 10 mmHg
c) Explain why methanol spontaneously evaporates in open air at 25°C

4.)Consider the following reaction:

CO(g) + 2H2(g) < ---- > CH3OH(g)
Kp= 2.26 x 10^4 at 25°C

Calculate ΔG of the reaction at 25°C under each of the following conditions:
a. Standard conditions
b. At equilibrium
c. PCH3oH=1.0atm; PCO=PH2=.010atm

Alameda Calendar

510-521-6887; www.ebparks.org. Alameda Free Library — Events. End of Summer Reading Party, 6:30 pm Aug. 19; for all children who participated in the summer …  Read More…

Community calendar

Admission is free. For information, call Karen Kelly at 851-2198 or e-mail info@TFAG.org. A rodeo sponsored by the Terrebonne Livestock Association is set …  Read More…

The International Energy Agency Shills For OPEC, The Oil …

… to foster economic growth," went out of his way to pay tribute to that icon of free markets, the Organization 0f Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), …  Read More…
That’s all the news for today guys, so until next time, thanks for stopping by.

After A New Heating Boiler?

Selecting a substitute boiler

You could want help in choosing your next central heating boiler as this is not a transparent expense based conclusion. expense will be high on your list but you also require to think of other matters, you will require to contemplate on how much hot water your family will use, how much gas the gas boiler will burn and how much space you have to install it.

The primary heating boiler types are:-

Gas back boilers

Some households still have back boilers, these are are normally sheltered at the back of a chimney, the fire obscuring the back boiler at the back of it. Low internal water pressure is a problem in these boilers and they are now only installed as replacements, it is space-hungry and you will want to find a place to obscure this form of boiler. A substitute back boiler even so could be your best choice if you already have one.

Previously back boilers had not been economic, but the modern back boilers are more cost-efficient now, so by changing an aging back boiler, you might make a large savings on your heating bills with improved boiler efficiency.

Popular Combination heating boilers

The most popular type is now the combi heating boiler. They are efficient and small enabling them to be fitted into small spaces. Heating water direct from the cold mains removes any wait time for hot water – as a result you have unlimited hot water.

They are more cost-efficient than other types too. As they don’t store hot water there are decreased heat losses. Look out for somebody turning on all the hot water taps in your home whilst you are running a hot bath as it could temporarily turn cold.

Unvented central heating system gas fired boilers

A hot water tank is used by a central heating system gas boiler to store of water. This means that you will need an airing closet or supplementary space for the hot water storage cylinder. The installation tends to be easier and lower-cost with this form of gas fired boiler as the other central heating system parts are built in.

Getting several streams of hot water from different taps simultaneously is now manageable. You can get a good water pressure from a central heating gas boiler by installing the hot water tank high in the home.

Open ve
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nt system central heating boilers

an open vent gas fired boiler is the most popular type of central heating boiler. The open vent boiler requires to water tanks to be fitted in the attic, and a hot water storage cylinder in the airing closet so it uses a lot of space.

The hot water storage cylinder is supplied by one of the tanks in the attic.

Water expansion and contraction is accommodated by the second cylinder in the loft. Showers, taps and running baths can be run in any room concurrently, but be aware that if the cylinder should become cold it will take a while to reheat.

By: Al Higginson

Article Directory: http://www.articledashboard.com

David is the author of Gas Boilers Information, the web site which contains help and advice on selecting the right gas boiler. www.gas-boilers.org . Please visit for more informative articles on how to save money..

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Central Heating Pros And Cons – Underfloor Heating

Put simply, underfloor heating provides warmth to a room by heating the floor and having that warmth travel up, rather than heating the air, which rises to the top of the room before falling as it cools. All under-floor heating systems work according to similar principles, in that they consist of a heating element surrounded by insulation to disperse the heat and keep it in the room.

Rooms where people are likely to feel the coldness of the floor through their feet, such as bathrooms or kitchens, are obvious candidates for under-floor heating. However, you can have underfloor heating installed in virtually any room, with any type of flooring, be it linoleum, carpet, stone or hardwood.

It is common for extensions and conservatories to be fitted with under-floor heating, as it is a lot easier and cheaper to install it while other building work is being done.

There are a number of good reasons to install underfloor heating, but it is not a technology that is entirely without its drawbacks, either. Here are a list of the pros and cons of underfloor heating:

Pros:

Tiled rooms, such as bathrooms and kitchens are a lot less of an ordeal to walk on in bare feet when they are warm underfoot

Wet underfloor heating systems are much more energy efficient than a traditional radiator system, as the heat is concentrated in the lower half of the room where all the people are

Cons:

Though cheaper to buy and install than wet systems, dry systems are a lot less energy efficient and could end up costing you more in the long run

If you are installing an underfloor heating system in an existing property, the floors will need to be taken up, which can make it prohibitively expensive

As with any other heating system, underfloor heating will not work very efficiently in homes that are poorly insulated, as much of the heat will simply escape into the atmosphere

By: Dave Sabri

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British Gas is the nation’s f
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avourite gas and electric supplier, home care provider, and energy efficiency advisor.

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Here’s the truth, if don’t create an outline for your ebooks and if you are not organized, you are going to struggle to succeed in this endeavor.

Each time you start writing your new ebooks, ask yourself simple questions like the following:

- What kind of information do I want to offer to my readers?

- What would I like to achieve in this endeavor?

- What can I do to make this new ebook different from the rest?

- What is the focus of this ebook?

Once you have answered these questions, you will most likely to have better focus and you’ll know exactly what you need to do and what elements that you are going to use.

Then, it’s time to create your outline. This is a simple process of brainstorming and listing down each topic that you would like to include on your ebooks. You will need to arrange them in a logical manner. Your outline will serve as the backbone of your ebooks and guide so you will not get off track. This can help you identify the information that you need to write when. Your outline will also give you a bird’s eye view of your content before you even start writing your ebooks so you’ll know if you’ll be able to offer in-depth information or if you are missing out on something.

Creating an outline and being organized (and staying organized all throughout) is very important in ebook writing. This can save you time and energy in the process. In addition, it can help you make your ebooks content-rich and of high quality to make them even more valuable to the eyes of your target market.

Do you want to learn more about how I do it? I have just completed a brand new free guide. Download it free here: Internet Marketing

Do you want to learn how to use articles like this to drive targeted traffic to your site? Click here: Article Writing Guide

—————————————————————————————————–

Sean Mize teaches coaches, consultants, and small business owners how to package their knowledge and sell it in high priced coaching, consulting, and online class packages, and is an expert at using articles like this to drive traffic to his website, and has taught hundreds of clients his secrets. Sean says, “If you have an existing marketable service or skill that you can teach others, I can teach you to package it into a high-priced class or coaching program, guaranteed.”

Article Source:

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Are the claims made on the Magniwork website for real, and can you really learn to build your own free electricity generators from home? After doing much research on the Internet about this renewable energy system, my family decided to purchase this generator plans guide to see what we could work out of it. All in all, I have found that I can build my own free energy solution system at home with less than $100 in just a few hours time.

1. What I Learned from the Magniwork Guide

This guide shows blueprints of their generator system and also lists the instructions clearly step by step to teach me how to build it. It also guided me on how to calculate the electrical power requirements in my house and what I had to build in order to save the amount of money I wanted from my energy bills. Overall, I have cut down my bill payments by more than 70% every month now.

2. What is in the Magniwork Package, and Will You Be Able to Benefit From It?

Most people who have successfully built the Magni work system are without any prior construction experience or have very limited building skills. This is because the guide provides all the photographs, instructions and detailed blueprints and plans that make it easy to understand the entire building process.

3. How Does the Magniwork System Work?

It makes use of a very powerful yet abundant source of energy, which is magnetic energy, and converts it into normal electricity. The generator in the systems is powered by perpetual motion power; therefore it can work for a long time as long as all its parts are properly maintained. So far, Magniwork has been working well for me with very limited maintenance and has almost no downtime.

Is Magniwork a scam? Visit http://www.top-review.org/magniwork.htm to read a FREE report about this new Free Electricity System to find out the truth before you buy Magniwork!

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http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Gary_Ashby

Why it is sometimes prefered than cadmium telluride silicon,micro-crystalline silicon,copper indium selenide/sulfide or polycrystalline silicon?

and what makes it suitable for it to combine with these materials to produce a thin film solar cell?

note:the material properties,not the technology. thanks

Solar Water Heating: Utilize Your Energy Resources

At the moment your house is installed with an effective solar water heating system, box of advantages heads to your home. From now you need not to bother about rising electricity bills and also your fuel cost could be reduced amazingly up to 80%. The advantages of installing solar water heating are so evident now that a number of people tend to install this remarkable heating system in their house hold.

This water heating system could be installed in several business as well as domestic applications. In extreme winters the solar water heating equipment complements the ever demanding need of energy. Now it’s awfully easy to reduce or check water eating energy by making use of water heating system. Obviously these equipments offer a plenty of advantages when used in bungalows, flats, hostels, hotels and apartments. Further one can use this solar heated water in bathing and washing of clothes and utensils.

If we discuss about the solar water heating system in bit detail one very interesting thing explores here. The fuel that these equipments used is free. A solar water heater converts both direct and indirect sunlight into prominent source of fuel and energy. These heating systems comprises of solar collectors that help to store heated water for various purposes. This collector tank is insulated to maintain the heat level. Storage collector is worked as a direct absorber of the energy and absorbs the solar radiation. It further converts this solar radiation to the direct heat.

Tube water heating systems are more efficient and effective in nature. They are endowed with circulating pumps and controls for converting more solar energy in real energy. Other major equipment that is used in solar water heating system is flat plate collectors usually get connected to water tank on the roof. The flat plate collector pass through a glass covered collector that further helps to make the heated water to use in various household works. Evacuated tubes are another kind of tube that uses a glass tube with a vacuum inside it and copper pipes get a passage through the centre of tube. These copper pipes are connected to an easygoing and slowly circulating pump which pumps water.

By: om/profile/Article-Submitter/72321>Article Submitter

Article Directory: http://www.articledashboard.com

Grantuk.com is a manufacturer and supplier of new generation efficient heating products like Solar Water Heating systems in all over UK. It is the best place for choosing Solar Thermal Systems and reliable heating products.

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Geothermal Heat Pumps: A Viable Option For Your Home

In today’s housing market, there are a number of options for how you heat and cool your home. Geothermal heat pumps, although relatively unknown to the common market, could be a great option for you. In fact, the Santa Cruz, California real estate market provides some great examples of places where geothermal energy can shine.

Heat pumps work by moving a refrigerant material from the outdoor unit, a condenser, and an inside unit, an evaporator coil and back again, collecting and releasing heat as needed. Most heat pumps pull and circulate heat from the outside air to the inside air, which is subject to seasonal changes; not so with geothermal heat pumps.

Instead of using heat found in the outside air, geothermal heat pumps rely on the stable, even heat of the earth to provide the heating, air conditioning, and even hot water. While the air temperature around your home can fluctuate with the season, a few feet below the surface of the ground is another story. The ground remains a relatively constant temperature, varying slightly by latitude. For example, the ground beneath a Santa Cruz California home would average about 55 degrees Fahrenheit. By six feet underground, the temperature is usually constant, somewhere between 45 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit, depending just where one is located.

Geothermal heat pumps move heat from the earth into your house during the winter, and in the summer they pull heat from the inside and discharge it into the ground. This method not only helps keep your home at a comfortable temperature, it also makes wonderful use of the earth’s renewable energy. In fact, studies show that approximately 70% of the energy used in a geothermal heat pump system is renewable. The constant temperature of the earth help to make these heat pumps one of the most efficient, and quiet heating and cooling technologies on the market today.

The installation of a geothermal heat pump for an average home is approximately $19,000 to $32,000 dollars when you factor in drilling costs, and other installation expenses. While this is a high initial price, these specific heat pumps can produce significantly lower utility bills, usually between 30% and 40%, according to estimates from the U.S. EPA.

In addition to the overall energy saving
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s that a geothermal heat pump provides, there are a number of other encouraging factors to consider. They are extremely durable and require very little maintenance. There are fewer mechanical components, most of which are underground, so they are sheltered from inclement weather. The underground piping is usually guaranteed to last between 25 and 50 years, and is virtually worry free. The components inside the house are small, and easily accessible for maintenance. In addition, since there is no outside condensing unit like an air conditioner; geothermal heat pumps are much quieter to operate.

Geothermal heat pump systems also allow for a lot of flexibility, and can be installed in both new and retrofit situations. The hardware requires less space than conventional HVAC system, and the equipment rooms can thusly be smaller in size. These heat pumps can also provide wonderful zone space conditioning, allowing you to determine which sections of your home need to be at a specific temperature range.

Since the shallow ground temperatures are relatively constant throughout much of the United States, a geothermal heat pump can be used effectively in just about any home. However, knowing the specific geological, hydrological and spatial characteristics of your property will help you and your contractor design a system that is perfect for you.

Things such as the composition and properties of the soil and bedrock will often dictate the rate of heat transfer, and therefore will be an important consideration when designing a geothermal heat pump system. Soil and rocks with good heat transfer, such as clays will mean that you can use less piping. The amount of soil also contributes to the system design. If the soil is too shallow to trench, a vertical system may be more efficient then a horizontal loop system.

Just like the soil and bedrock, the hydrology of the property also is an important factor in the design of a geothermal heat pump system. The water depth, volume, and water quality, can all play a part. Groundwater or surface water can be used as a source for both open and closed loop systems. If you make use of an open loop geothermal heat pump, you want to make sure you investigate your area’s hydrogeology extensively. Doing so will help you avoid potential problems such as aquifer depletion and groundwater contamination. For additional information on what is considered good conditions for a geothermal heat pump, check out Department of Energy’s Energy Information Administration website, eia.doe.gov.

Of course, the amount of land, landscaping and the location of underground utilities will also contribute to your design. Horizontal ground loops, often seen as the most economical, are usually used for new construction with a great deal of available land. Vertical loop system designs are great for situations where there is an existing building, or where the landscaping shouldn’t be disturbed.

If you’re considering installing a geothermal heat pump in your home, remember that this can’t be a do it yourself project. The technical knowledge, equipment and safety issues associated with the installation of such a system require a great deal of training, and it’s best to let a professional handle the job. Once you have it installed though, I know that you will see the savings in not only the bank, but also the environment.

By: Gregg Camp

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Gregg Camp sells Santa Cruz California homes, an environment friendly homes. He is an experienced Santa Cruz real estate broker, and an excellent writer.

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I. Introduction

Crude oil is the most important form of energy for all the countries, mainly for developed and developing countries. The importance of crude oil is such that it is used in day to day activity of individual as well as the economic development of the nation. Of late, the GDP of China and India reveal that the economies of both these countries are growing at faster pace and are the big consumers of crude oil in the world market. Therefore the increase in oil prices inadvertently affects the GDP and economy of the countries. During 2008 world witnessed the growth in the prices of crude oil reaching a new high threatening the world economy at large, thanks the financial crisis, the recession has brought it down again. It may be exaggerated that increase and decrease in the oil price effects the world economy which is makes it necessary to study its impact on the world economy and how it effects the alternative energy resources.

OPEC reports that the recent surge in the oil prices occurred at the time when there was absolutely no shortage of oil at all. The price upsurge accompanied with volatility has been recognized in all commodity groups including energy, metal or agricultural products with prices doubled since 2005. OPEC reports that it has increased the supply of crude oil by 4 mb/d since 2003 and further increased it by more 1 mb/d with absolutely no shortage of crude oil in the market. (World Oil Outlook, 2008)

Some reasons for upsurge in crude oil prices

Many elements have led to this volatility in crude oil prices. Keeping aside the demand and supply elements, fluctuations in the dollar value has been the main cause for increase in the prices of crude oil. Ray and Olga (2004) reported that oil prices are the source of major developments in the world economy that can trigger inflation and recession as in 1974 and 1979 which resulted in slowdown of world economy. According to Chandrasekhar (2005), the primary cause of increase in the crude oil prices is the rapid development of United States of America, China and India, forcing the industry to extract and refine more oil from the reserves. It is also reported that global demands have risen by 2.7 million barrels per day during 2004, highest since 1976. Some factors that have helped the price upsurge include US occupying Iraq, Saudi Arabia being attacked by terrorist temporarily affecting oil supplies, speculative investments by financial investors.

Decline in OPEC’s Surplus Oil Production Capacity

Increases in global demand for the crude oil have forced the oil producing nations to produce more crude oil in order to meet the demands. The above figure shows that there has been drastic decline in the oil production of OPEC countries; this demand/supply factor is the main reason for increase in crude oil price touching $140 per barrel.(Hiromi Kato, 2005)

As per the BPs Statistical Review of World energy for the year 2007, it is revealed that demand for the world touched 83.7 million barrels/per day or 3.9 billion tons/year which is equal to five times the annual household water consumption. The above figure shows that the increasing demand has led to upsurge in crude oil price which rocket from mid 2005 till 2008. As per the figure, oil price didn’t had any upsurge till late 2000 but due to increased demand in Asian countries, the crude oil price escalated.

Trends in Oil Prices

Roncaglia using Hotelling theory explains that the equilibrium price of the scarce resource net of extraction costs rises over time at the rate that is equal, year after year, to the interest rate. It is understood from this statement that price of the scarce commodity increases at the rate year after year with the added interest rate. The crude oil is an important ingredient in the growth of world economy. It is learned that commodity traders are responsible for oil prices who bid on oil futures contracts by looking into current supply of oil in terms of output, oil reserves as to know what is available and demand of oil, mainly from United States.(Kimberly Amadeo) According to OPEC Monthly Oil Market Report released for August 2008, it is highlighted that OPEC Reference Basket (ORP) rose to $2.89/b or 2% during July 2008 to $131.22/b with US dollar weakening and geopolitical tensions dominating the upward trend.

However due to weakening economic conditions, recovery in US dollar and increased OPEC oil exports, the price came down to three month low of $109/ b. According to OPEC, the world economy will grow at 3.8% in 2009 as against 3.9% in 2008. It also reports that developing countries growth rate remains unaffected at 5.6%. India’s growth is up at 7.7% as against to unchanged China at 9.2%.(www.opec.org) The graph represents the trends in crude oil prices from 2006 to 2008. The figure indicates that an oil price in 2006 was $50 to $70 per barrel as compared to $50 to $90 per barrel in the year 2007.

The increase in oil price can be seen from fourth week of August 2007 which touched $90 per barrel at the end of 2007. This trend continued in the year 2008 with the price touching to $140 per barrel mark in second week of July. However, some controlling factors and increased export from OPEC suppliers, gave some relief with steep fall in crude oil price up to $118 per barrel during fourth week of August 2008.(www.opec.org)

Average Annual Growth of Oil Consumption

As seen in the above table, China is the major consumer of oil at an overall growth rate of 6.0% from 1974 to 2003. The table shows that most of the nations have increased their consumption from 1974 to 2003, but overall consumption of world has increased by 1.1% during 2001-03 as compared 1.5% during 1991-2000 down 0.4%. The total annual growth in oil consumption from 1974-2003 has increased by 1.1%. (Ray and Olga, 2004) Crude oil prices affect the terms of trade as higher dependence on oil imports raises the impact on nations GDP, impact of saving and investment are greater, tax revenues and solvency are affected.

The rapid increase in the crude prices from 1973 to 1981 was led by United States for its energy policy for post Embargo period. The crude oil prices plummeted due to 9/11 attack which weakened the US economy and resulted in the reduction of quota by 1.5 million barrels per day. The figure explains the factors resulting in volatility of crude oil prices increasing from below $30 per barrel to $60 per barrel during 2005-06.(www.wtrg.com) Many factors have led to increase in crude oil price right from Iran – Iraq war, the great depression, Venezuela crisis, Gulf Hurricane, increased demands, etc. It is necessary to assess the consequences on alternative energy resources due to increased oil price.

According to the OPEC report, developing countries maintained their demand for the oil at 71% of total world oil demand growth in the year 2007. It was also mentioned that OECD stocks declined by 66mb to 4,111 mb by the end of 2007. (OPEC, 2007)

Effects of increasing oil prices on Stock Markets

Oil price shocks effect the economies in different ways like supply, demand and trade. (Martin Schneider) Basher and Sardosky (2006) look upon oil as the lifeblood of modern economics.(Mehmet, 2009) The world is globalizing in every aspect and people are migrating in search of livelihood and employment. In this scenario, nations are responsible for providing them with employment and better living conditions which means more urbanization and modernization. Increase in population will automatically lead to creation of more industries, houses, vehicles, transportation, etc. which require oil as the primary product to run the economy. It is reported by Basher and Sardosky (2006) that China, Turkey and India are fastest growing economy and are expected to demand and consume the most of the world’s oil.(Mehmet, 2009)

Oil Consumption for Turkey, China, India, USA and World

The above table shows that United States is the most developed nation with 23.9% of oil consumption out of total world consumption in the year 2007. Whereas the total share of the world oil consumption for China, India and Turkey was only 13.4% in the year 2007 with China 9.3%, Indian 3.3% and Turkey 0.8%.

Many experts stated that oil price changes and shocks have direct or indirect effect on the economic activity. Mehmet (2009) states an increase in oil prices leads to an increase of cost of production which decreases the growth of output and productivity. The increase in oil price leads to increase in demand of money, increase in inflation rate, decrease in investment and decline in GDP.

In view of the increased global demand and political insecurity in oil rich countries, concern about global warming are the force behind changing oil prices which may help spur the greater demand and supply of alternative energy. The development process leading to industrialization has increased the concentration of CO¬2 levels in the atmosphere which has significant effect on oil price movements. Such developments in the trends of oil price, its consumption and increased level of CO2 in the atmosphere makes it critical to understand the development of alternative energy in the years to come and effect of oil prices on the stocks of alternative energy companies.(Henriques and Sardosky, 2007)

Auto Regression Analysis

The aforementioned points of discussion reveal that oil prices have a definite impact on the alternative energy. To know the impacts, many analyzes were carried out by many research scholars. Henriques and Sadorsky (2007) through vector autoregression (VAR) empirically investigated the relationship between stock prices of alternative energy companies and oil prices. The WilderHill Clean Energy Index (ECO) was used to measure the stock performance of alternative energy companies. The Arca Technology Index (PSE) was used to measure the performance of technological companies. The researcher, for the ease of comparison set the starting point as 100 so the changing price trend and its effects can be measured. From the below figure, it could be clearly understood that though there is rapid, drastic and high increase in oil prices from January 2001 to April 2007, the stock prices of technology companies (PSE) and alternative energy resources (ECO) are not affected at all and are unchanged.

The findings of Henriques and Sadorsky revealed in the figure explains that ECO correlated with PSE with coefficient of 0.83 and correlation between ECO and oil prices is 0.43. In another VAR analyses, consisting for four variables ECO, PSE, U.S. West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil Futures Prices (OIL) and the Interest Rate (RATE). The researcher in order to lessen the confusion named the above variables in natural logarithms as LECO, LPSE, LOIL and LRATE. Granger Casualty tests using LA-VAR showed that alternative energy stock prices are explained by past movements in oil prices, technology stock prices and interest rates. The tests indicated that lagged interest rates showed some significant impact on oil prices as a result of increased economic growth.

Henriques and Sadorsky (2007) through the four variable VAR model, it was found that oil price movements were not important once the investors had confidence in alternative energy companies as similar to technological companies. It shows that one standard deviation shock to the interest rate variable had a positive and significant impact on the alternative energy stock prices and one standard deviation shock to energy stock prices had same effect on technology stock prices. The simulation results in vector autoregression analyzes carried out by Henriques shows that stock prices of shocked alternative energy companies had impact on technological companies stocks, but it did not showed any impact is occurred due to shocks to oil prices.

Rafik and Sonia (2008) attempted to assess the relationship between oil prices and macro economy by analyzing the impact of recent oil prices fluctuation in Tunisian economy through VAR model from 1993Q1 to 2007Q3. In his findings it is reported that oil price didn’t had any effect on economic activity. The main cause for economic shock was governments spending which led to economic recession, allocated subsidies made the oil price shocks as the principal source of violability. The findings in his report stated that impact of oil price shock on economic activity is indirect.

Kilian (2007) argued that regressions of macroeconomic aggregates on unanticipated energy prices are likely to mislead as they fail to account for the declining share of energy in value added.

The analysis carried out by Kilian suggests that most oil price shocks have been driven by a combination of strong global demand for industrial commodities shifting the expectations from demand for crude oil. It is also argued the shortage of crude oil is inevitable under the circumstances of excessive future demand of crude oil. Another finding by Kilian is that precautionary demand shocks driven by expectation shifts, unlike other oil demand and supply shocks can have immediate effects on US economy. Another observation made in his work by Kilian was that the effects of energy price shocks have weakened resulting in total real consumption drops from-30% before 1987 to -0.08% after 1987.

In another empirical effort, to study the impact of oil price shocks on the stock markets in US and 13 other European Countries related to data on stock prices, short term interest rates, consumer prices and industrial production which are received from OECD. The researcher used unrestricted VAR model with four variables as first log difference of short term interest rate (r), real oil price (op), first log difference of industrial production (ip) and real stock returns (rsr): VAR(r, op, ip, rsr) . (Jung Wook et.al, 2007) The above VAR analyzes carried out by the researcher’s show that shocks in oil prices do not have direct or indirect effect of alternative energy stocks but shocks to energy stocks had significant impact of technological stocks.

Conclusion

Crude oil is gaining its important as a lifeline to the world’s economy in general and to some of the nation’s economy in specific. It acts as a nutritious diet so that its world economy can be healthy. Increased oil prices have definite impact on world economy through employment, rising inflation, decrease in dollar value all of which combine to economic slowdown. Robert and Pavlos (2008) in their working paper, have concluded that even though there were similarities between oil market developments during 1970s and 1980s and the current market, the oil prices are not likely to decline. Henqriques (2007) suggests that governments can formulate some framework or policies to bring the alternative energies into the market through fiscal policy that taxes carbon and subsidizes alternative energy. This will encourage the producers to provide carbon free energy so that they can have the benefit of subsidized purchase of alternative energies.

The crude oil prices though have declined recently, but it is likely to increasing as the world demand is increasing day by day and more importantly Asian counties, China and India, most developing economies of the world, need it vigorously. Through the various vector autoregression analyzes of the various researchers, it can be assumed that the stock prices of alternative energy companies do not effect which is beneficial to the investors.

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http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Gopal_Pottabathni

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Do you want to build your own homemade alternative energy system using the Home Made Energy guide? Because of the rapid increase in power bills that most people are facing, many are seeking ways to cut down on their electricity consumption or to generate alternative forms of energy.

To find a solution for these problems, I decided to try out the Home Made Energy guide that promises to teach people how to build their own wind and solar energy systems affordably.

1. Why Are Home Made Energy Systems So Uncommon?

Most people are not using a homemade alternative energy system because the parts are very expensive to buy. This has prevented a lot of residents from being able to enjoy the benefits of alternative power. However, the Home Made Energy guide by Bill Ford has taught me how to build this system with less than $200. With this alternative power system, I am able to make my own energy cheaply and cleanly without having to rely on the power company.

2. The Environmental Benefits of a Homemade Alternative Energy System

Other than the cost saving benefits, the fact that these systems do not pollute the environment is another big reason why I feel that we should start making our own home made energy systems.

The power that we currently use for our homes are obtained by burning natural gas and coal, and these are non renewable forms of energy that are limited in quantity. Although it is true that these resources will not run out in the next hundreds of years, we need to start planning for our future generations soon.

3. Is It Really True That You Can Sell Back Excess Electricity To The Power Company?

Even though I have not personally experienced this, I know that there are people who currently use this system and are selling back excess power created to the power company. Because the energy device is connected back to the grid, the power company will buy back excess electricity generated by the homemade power system.

Is the Homemade Energy system a scam? Visit http://www.top-review.org/homemadeenergy.htm to read a FREE report about this Home Energy System!

Article Source:

http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Gary_Ashby

Sure, when I was a kid. It was called a crystal radio. Not much power came out but I could hear the Lone Ranger OK.

Solar Swimming Pool Covers And Reels

If you are a swimming pool owner and would like to save money on heating costs and chemical costs, there’s a simple way to do just that. By investing in a solar cover and reel for your above ground or in-ground swimming pool, you can enjoy slashed energy bills and significant savings. With their insulating and heat transference properties, solar pool covers also provide you with a number of other great benefits. When attached to solar cover reels, these solar blankets are very easy to use and handle, so you can take advantage of the many benefits of using solar pool covers without any fuss.

As their name suggests, solar pool covers are designed to use the sun’s energy to raise the temperature of your swimming pool. They are able to do so as a result of their special design which incorporates advanced solar technology. In particular, solar swimming pool covers have thousands of tiny air pockets which serve to insulate and transfer heat. In other words, solar covers absorb sunlight and transfer heat into the pool water while also retaining heat once it is in the water.

Solar pool covers are available in different grades or thicknesses, with the most typical thicknesses ranging from 8 mm to 16 mm. Although the price will be higher for thicker covers, greater thickness also means better heat transference and heat retention. Solar covers are also available in different colors, with the most common colors being clear and blue. While color does not have any bearing on a cover’s ability to prevent water evaporation, it does have an effect on its ability to transfer heat. This is because the color can affect how much sunlight is blocked and prevented from passing through the cover. For example, blue covers typically block between 20 and 40 per cent of the sun’s solar energy while clear covers typically block approximately 5 to 15 per cent of the sun’s solar energy. Accordingly, clear covers usually provide better heat transference than blue covers do.

As a result of their insulating and heat transference abilities, solar swimming pool covers provide a wide range of advantages. Since these covers can raise the temperature of a swimming pool by 10 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit, you can open your pool earlier and close it later for an extended swimming season. At the same time, you can rely
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less on your gas or electric heater, thereby enjoying significantly lower heating costs. Furthermore, solar pool covers greatly reduce evaporation of both water and chemicals, so you will also spend less money on pool chemicals each season.

While at first glance, solar covers may seem too heavy and unwieldy to be convenient to use, solar cover reels can easily change that. There are a variety of different solar cover reels available to choose from, including reels with hand cranks and water-driven reels that attach to a standard garden hose. With the help of one of these reels, covering and uncovering your pool with a solar cover is both fast and convenient. Many solar cover reels also make it easy for one person to handle a solar cover, eliminating the need to have at least two people around every time you want to cover or uncover your swimming pool.

Top-quality solar pool covers and reels are constructed from first class materials and are built to last. The best solar covers are made from tough, UV-resistant resins that will withstand wear and tear as well as deterioration from the sun’s ultraviolet rays. Super strong seams also enhance a cover’s durability, allowing it to tolerate years of use and repeated folding. As for the best solar pool reels, they are constructed from strong, corrosion-proof materials that will withstand exposure to the elements and can fully support the weight of a solar cover.

As a result of their durability and the many benefits that they offer, solar pool covers and reels for above ground pools and in-ground pools provide an excellent long-term investment. While they may seem pricier than standard non-solar covers at first, the savings that you will experience in the long run will more than make up for that. Furthermore, longer swimming seasons and reduced reliance on non-renewable energy sources are additional benefits that make investing in solar pool covers and reels an even more attractive option. So for anyone who wants to save money on heating and chemical costs this swimming season, take a look at the many available solar pool covers and reels for in-ground pools and above ground pools and make the most of the sun’s free energy.

By: Michael Peters

Article Directory: http://www.articledashboard.com

Michael Peterson is an experienced specialist in pool supplies and products. He explains how solar swimming pool covers use free sun energy to raise the temperature of swimming pool. Learn about different types of solar swimming pool covers and reels to save on energy bills.

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Cutting Heat Losses Using Energy Saving Curtains, Blinds, And Other Coverings

If your windows are worn out and aren’t doing a passable job of keeping the warm air inside your home in winter (or keeping it out in warm weather), it might be time to consider having new, energy efficient windows installed. But new windows, especially high quality energy efficient ones, can be very costly. This means that it can take a long time for them to pay for themselves in energy savings. For the amount of cash it would cost you to redo the windows in a single big room, you can achieve almost the same energy efficiency improvement with some simple weather stripping and by using energy saving window coverings to reduce heat transfer between your home and the out of doors.

Let’s first review how windows help keep the cold out in winter, and the hot out in summer. Windows block heat transfer in three ways: convection, conduction, and radiation.

Windows stop or reduce the convection airflow between the inside and out of doors, blocking heat from travelling through the window with the airflow. A leaky window, or one with cracks in the glass or damaged putty, allows air through these gaps, so heat escapes in cold weather, and heat sneaks in during warm weather.

Even the thinnest sheet of glass has some insulating properties, but if there are two panes of glass and the space between the panes is an inert gas such as argon, the panes provide extra insulating value, which reduces heat transfer through conduction. Conduction is what causes the metal handles of a pot to heat up when you boil water in the pot; so you can imagine that a metal window frame, if not properly built, can allow a lot of heat through the window frame. Although you can’t readily add extra glass sheets to a window, there are other ways to add still air spaces between the glass and the interior, which will increase insulation and reduce conduction transfers.

Radiation, the last kind of heat transfer, typically occurs when light in the infrared spectrum travels through windows, heating the air inside, or when infrared radiation inside the room radiates out through the glass. Home energy auditors sometimes take infrared photos of a home to illustrate where heat losses
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are most significant, and windows are typically one of the largest sources of heat escaping from houses in winter.

How does knowing about heat transfer through convection, conduction, and radiation help you cut energy losses through your windows?

The first issue to tackle is convection. If your windows have cracked panes, get them repaired. If you still have the old wood-framed windows with putty holding the glass in, inspect the glazing for any cracked or missing putty. It’s quite easy to pull cracked putty out with a putty knife and put a fresh layer on in its place. If the wood of the window itself is broken, or if the glass is hard to replace, you may not be able to put off buying new windows, but assuming you can cut the small air leaks, you’ll have gone a long way towards reducing energy losses and should feel some relief in your home heating and cooling bills.

You may be surprised to know how much heat can travel out of a house in winter through the wood trim around a window. Just wait for a chilly day, put all the exhaust fans on in your house, and run your fingers along the edges of window and exterior door trim on the inside of rooms. Wherever you feel cold air coming in, you have a draft that needs to be sealed. It probably doesn’t hurt to run a thin bead of clear or white caulking such as Alex Plus around window and door frames to cut this convection heat transfer. You can also caulk exterior window frames with outdoor caulking material if there are major gaps betweent the frames and the exterior wall material.

The last technique to minimize convection heat losses is to use shrink-wrap or Zip-Loc type window kits to seal any windows that are very leaky, or windows that really need replacing but that can’t be replaced because of your budget (or, for example, because you are renting). These window insulation kits are a great way to quickly cut your heating losses: the kits usually come with several sheets of 3 by 5 foot transparent plastic, and a roll of double sided tape. (If you have a large number of windows to cover you should buy a 48″ roll of the plastic and get the tape separately.) You measure and cut plastic rectangles a little bigger than the window, tape around the edges of the window frame, peel off the protective tape from the double sided tape, and then set the cut plastic over the window, sealing along the tape line. Blow dry the plastic for a few minutes, and it shrinks to form a tight, flat extra pane of ‘glass’ that is practically unnoticeable. This plastic can hold its taut shape for weeks, although you may find it needs an occasional short blow dryer blast to pull up the odd wrinkle in the plastic.

The next problem you’ll want to address is conduction – heat being conducted through the solid materials of the window. In terms of energy saving window coverings, your goal here isn’t really to stop this conduction – you can’t really change the materials the window was made of – but to add barrier layers between the window and the inside of the room to slow the conduction down. The plastic window insulation kits stop convection heat loss by cutting drafts into the room, but they also cut conduction, by providing a layer of trapped air between the window and the room. A curtain can accomplish a similar task: when closed, the curtain traps a small amount of air between the curtain and the window, so that on a cold night the air behind the curtain naturally gets cold but the room itself stays cozy.

When you put curtains on a window to cut conduction heat transfer, you need to consider convection flows within the living area. Hot air rises, and cold air falls, so if you install curtains you should ensure that the air currents are blocked, preferably at both the top and bottom of the curtain or blind. Otherwise, in cold weather, the cold window will cool the air space between the window and the window covering, and that colder air will fall down onto the floor, pulling warm air from above the window covering down in front of
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the window in a continuous flow. In summer, the process is reversed, with the air between the curtain and the window warming from sunlight, rising out the top opening, and drawing cool room air up to the glass where it gets heated.

You can block these air flows by having the curtains flush with the wall at the top and bottom, or by having the bottom touch the floor and by closing in the curtain rod area at the top.

If you have cloth blinds that cover the entire window, you can put Velcro tabs along the sides of the blinds that you then press into Velcro tape along the window frame; this completely seals the air space between the window and the blind, providing an above average insulation layer. Cloth blinds as well as curtains can use a similar technique but with magnetic tape in the fabric, and metal along the framing, so that the cloth holds to the frame on either side of and below the opening.

Another way you can try to add an insulation barrier to conduction through the window is to buy cellular blinds, which are made in a cellular or honeycomb cross section, or other blinds that incorporate a hollow space within the blind (for example, air-foil shaped blinds). Cellular blinds when fully pulled up take up almost no space and the cells fold shut; when extended, they can add insulating value to a window from R-2 (for single-cell thickness) to R-5 (for dual-cell).

Window blinds can help address the third kind of heat transfer, radiation, by preventing heat from radiating through the window pane (into the room from sunlight in summer, and towards the outside from the indoor radiant heat in winter). The most efficient blinds use light, reflective colors on the exterior-facing side, so that sunlight is more or less completely reflected away from the house. Well-made window blinds can reflect sufficient heat away from the window to reduce heat gain by as much as 45%, but they do very little to the insulation value of the window, so don’t hold heat in winter.

Roller shades, which have a spring mechanism and can be pulled up or down (we used to call these blinds when I was young) are an effective barrier against radiation, and also provide good insulating value to reduce convection currents around the window that lead to conduction losses through the pane or window frame. Roller shades, because they are placed so near the glass, do well at reducing convection currents, especially if their side edges and bottom are attached to the window frame (for example, by using side tracks). Unsecured shades can cut heat exchange by up to 28%, while secured-edge shades reduce it by as much as 45%. Shades that can be reversed, with a dark and a light side, are even better, because the light side can reflect the heat where you want it (keep it out in summer, inside during cold weather).

Awnings and overhangs are a good way to cut sunlight from shining into a room and warming it up in summer. Because the angle of the sun is lower in the winter, these window coverings only block the sunlight you don’t need, letting the lower-angled winter sun help heat your rooms.

Storm windows – which are found on many older homes – can save up to 50% of the heat loss compared to single-pane windows, as long as the storms are properly sealed against drafts. So if you have old wooden-framed storms sitting around in your basement or garage, be sure to put them on each fall and take them down each spring. If you have aluminum framed storms you can usually keep them on all year long; just don’t forget to close the glass when autumn comes.

Windows form such a small percentage of the surface area of a house, yet they can be among the biggest potential energy wasters in a home being heated or air conditioned. So it’s important to do anything you can to limit heat transfer through convection, conduction, and radiation. Just remember to put aside a portion of the money you save on reduced utility bills, so you can replace any old, energy wasting windows with brand
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new, energy efficient ones when the time comes.

By: Robin from Green Energy Efficient Homes

Article Directory: http://www.articledashboard.com

Robin Green owns Green-Energy-Efficient-Homes.com, a website that helps people find ways to use less energy at home. For more on energy saving window treatments, see Energy saving window coverings on Green Energy Efficient Homes.

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Our water heater is looking very sad and yesterday our neighbors burst. I took it as a sign.

My husband wants to get a tankless water heating system.
I'm wondering which methods are most eco-friendly, energy saving, etc.

I don't think we can afford solar panels.

Technorati Tags: free energy heating, free energy org

Heat Water For Your Home Using Energy From The Sun

Solar water heating tecnology uses free radiation from the sun and transfers this energy to heat your domestic water supply. Solar water heating systems use solar panels, called collectors, which are normally fitted to your roof. These collect energy from the sun and use it to heat water which is stored in a hot water cylinder.

A boiler or immersion heater can then heat this water further until it reaches the temperature set by the cylinder’s thermostat. (This is normally around sixty degrees centigrade.)

Larger (or more) solar panels can also provide energy to heat your home too – though usually only in the summer months when continuous home heating is not necessary.

The benefits of solar water heating
� Hot water every day: The system works all year round, though you’ll probably need to heat the water further with a boiler or immersion heater during the colder months.
� Lower bills: Sunlight is free – it’s something that even the government doesn’t tax you for (yet!), so once you’ve paid for the initial installation your water heating costs will be reduced.
� Reduces your carbon footprint: It’s saving fossil fuels, so it’s green. It’s a renewable energy source and doesn’t release any harmful carbon dioxide or other pollutants

Is a solar water heating system suitable for my home?

� Do you have a place to put your solar panels that will collect a lot of sunlight? You’ll need around 40-50 sq.Ft of roof space which ideally faces east to west through south and receives direct sunlight for several hours each day. If this is not practical and if you have room, it is possible to fit two (or more) panels, with one facing east and one facing west – but this will make the installation more complex and so more costly.
� Do you have space for a larger, or an additional, hot water cylinder? You will need this to allow room for a solar heating coil to heat your water.
� Is your current system compatible with solar water heating? The majority of conventional boilers and cylinder systems are compatible with solar water heating. If your boiler is a combination boiler (combi) and you don’t have a hot water tank then you will need to get one so make sure you have the space.
� Do you need planning permission? You should consult
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a local supplier for guidance on this.

Maintenance costs are miniscule or nothing. Most solar water heating systems come with a long warranty and require minimal maintenance. You should take a look at your panels annually and have them checked more thoroughly by a professional installer every three to five years.

By: Bryan Farrow

Article Directory: http://www.articledashboard.com

Article submitted by Bryan Farrow of Plumber in Plymouth and devon plumbing

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Old Coal-Fired Facilities Could Escape New Rules

But the legislation passed by the House in late June — known as the American Clean Energy and Security Act — mandates a 50 percent carbon reduction by …  Read More…

Visit to Colombia by Mexican President Felipe Calderon

They hailed to increase in trade and the conclusion of the negotiating process for expanding the Free Trade Agreement between the two countries which will …  Read More…

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That’s all the news for today guys, so until next time, thanks for stopping by.

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Selling renewable energy credits is a new and interesting market. Here is some information about selling renewable energy credits and a basic understanding of the market.

Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) are frequently referred to as Green Tags, Renewable Energy Credits, and/or Tradable Renewable Certificates (TRCs). RECs represent the environmental and economic value of electricity produced from clean, renewable, emission-free energy resources that will never be depleted and are safe for our environment. A REC is not actual energy, just the right to say that you have offset the production of dirty power with clean power.

Producers of green power should consider selling renewable energy credits as well as the power itself, which will increase their profits. Other parties can buy RECs if they need to satisfy regulatory requirements or improve their corporate appearance. When RECs are sold, the organization buying the RECs obtains the right to claim environmental advantage.

Selling renewable energy credits allows energy users across the country to support alternative energy generation. RECs contribute to the growth of the renewable power sector, and with buyer support will continue to help make alternative power even more cost competitive.

In areas which have a REC program, an alternative energy provider (such as a wind farm) is credited with one REC for every 1,000 kWh or one MWh of electricity it creates. The average residential customer uses about 800 kWh per month. A certifying organization gives each REC an exclusive identification number to make sure it isn’t sold twice. The green energy is then fed into the electrical grid (by law), and the complementary REC can then be sold on the open market.

Several certification and accounting associations attempt to ensure that RECs are legally sold and correctly tracked. The Climate Neutral Network, Green-e, and the Environmental Resources Trust’s EcoPower Program certify RECs. If you are interested in selling renewable energy credits, start with your local electric company or one of these organizations.

There are two main markets for selling renewable energy credits in the United States – compliance markets and voluntary markets. A policy called the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is responsible for creating the compliance markets. Renewable Portfolio Standard requires electric companies to supply a predetermined percent of their electricity from renewable sources by a specific year.

For example, California electric companies must provide 20% energy from renewable sources by 2010. Electric utilities in these areas with RPSs must demonstrate compliance with their requirements by buying RECs. In the California sample, the electric companies would need to hold RECs equivalent to 20% of their sales.

Want to help companies and property owners go green? Sell your RECs on the voluntary market. Voluntary markets allow customers to purchase renewable power, generally out of a desire to go green. Most commercial and domestic purchases of RECs are voluntary. Alternative power providers can sell their RECs to voluntary buyers, usually at a lower price than compliance market RECs.

Detractors indicate a flaw with this system. It is argued that it does not necessarily replace dirty energy. Since some alternate energy resources, most notably wind resources, are irregular and unpredictable, their production does not replace an equivalent amount of other sources, per kW of capacity. However, they do replace on a per kWh basis, electricity from combustion sources, thus reducing greenhouse gases and undesirable byproducts.

Jeff Fisher is a renewable energy enthusiast. You’ll finds tons of helpful green energy information at http://renewableenergysimplified.com/.

Do-It-Yourselfers can Take Action Today! With my FREE e-Course you can cut electricity bills by 70%.

Article Source:

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How about these right… I think you’ll find the following nuggets of wisdom particularly insightful. Leave your comments below. Check out the second one in particular…

freedude: Free Energy Matrix drink mix Sample: Free Energy Matrix …

Free Energy Matrix drink mix Sample: Free Energy Matrix drink mix Sample.Read » http://3me.org/fgbych.

Freegom Isn’t Free | OpenMarket.org

Compared to the modern workforce, early American workers wasted more than 98% of their time and energy. As human effort has become more productive, it has also become more expensive. Many early conservation practices—using the entire buffalo, so to speak—no longer make … OpenMarket.org is the blog of the Competitive Enterprise Institute. We believe that people improve their lives not through government regulation, but by making their own choices in a free marketplace. …

Download free Low Energy Cooling for Sustainable Buildings …

Low Energy Cooling for Sustainable Buildings This long-awaited reference guide provides a complete overview of low energy cooling systems for buildings,

Hope you enjoy the read as much as I did and please if you have something to say, use the comments form below to let everyone know your thoughts.

Have a great day!

a direct measurement of the standard free energy change associated with the hydrolysis of ATP is technically demanding because the minute amount of ATP remaining at equilibrium is difficult to measure accurately. the value of the standard delta G can be calculated indirectly, however, from the equilibrium constants of the two other enzymatic reactions having less favorable equilibrium constant.

glucose-6-phosphate+water—>glucose +Pi (Keq=270)
ATP+glucose————->ADP+ glucose-6-phosphate (Keq=890)

using this information calculate the standard free energy of hydrolysis of ATP at 25 degree Celsius.
ATP+H2O< --->ADP+Pi

Solar Heating For Swimming Pools And Spas – Start Saving On Heating Bills

More and more pool owners are starting to take advantage of the great benefits that come with using the sun’s energy as a heat source. With the right products, you can make the very most of the sun’s energy, using it to keep your swimming pool comfortably warm all season long. By using solar heating for swimming pools and spas, you can significantly reduce or even eliminate your reliance on electricity and other non-renewable sources of heating energy, which will dramatically slash your energy bills. At the same time, you will be greatly reducing your negative impact on the planet by using a green energy source. With the sun providing such a powerful, renewable and free heating source, solar heating for swimming pools and spas is a concept that is becoming more and more popular each year.

If you are a pool owner and want to take advantage of the sun’s free energy for heating purposes, there is a wide range of excellent products and solar pool heating systems to choose from. One of the most common ways to harness solar energy for swimming pools is through the use of solar blankets and reels. Featuring thousands of tiny sealed air pockets, solar pool blankets are specifically designed to promote the transference of heat from the sun into the water. Solar pool blankets also act as insulators, trapping heat in the swimming pool and preventing heat loss. Smaller solar covers with the same type of design are also available for spas and hot tubs. Solar pool & spa blankets are available in a variety of thicknesses (usually between 8-mil to 16-mil), each with their own features & length of warranty so there’s sure to be one that’s perfect for your pool and your budget. While full-sized solar blankets can be cumbersome, they are relatively easy to use when attached to solar pool reels. Solar pool reels are available in manual models as well as water-driven models and provide an easy way to handle solar pool blankets.

Other great products that will allow you to harness the sun’s free energy to heat your pool include solar sun rings, solar pills and sun pool domes. Solar sun rings are passive solar heating devices which consist of two layers of UV-resistant vinyl. The top layer is clear and holds insulating air. This layer serv
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es to focus sunlight on the blue lower layer. The blue layer of solar sun rings then absorbs sunlight and converts it to heat. When solar sun rings are spread over a swimming pool, they will cover approximately 70 to 80 per cent of the water’s surface, allowing for some the water to receive direct sunlight and to remain open to the air to reduce the likelihood of algae growth. Solar sun rings are very safe devices as they prevent accidental entrapment. They are also very easy to use as they can be placed and removed by one person.

If you are particularly concerned with ease-of-use, solar pills and sun pool domes also provide simple ways to use solar heating for swimming pools and spas. Solar pills in particular are exceptionally easy to use as they simply need to be placed in the pump basket. Solar pills release a harmless compound which forms an invisible shield on the water surface that lasts for approximately 30 day, reducing heat loss through evaporation. While solar pills are virtually trouble-free to use, it’s important to note that they are only about 60 per cent as effective as solar pool blankets and reels. On the other hand, sun pool domes need to be assembled, but are very easy to set up and take down. Moreover, since these vinyl and aluminum domes provide an enclosure for your pool that can stay in place all during the swim season, you can enjoy reduced evaporation, luxuriously warm night-time swims, and an overall longer swimming season without any trouble once the initial assembly is complete.

All of the above solar pool heating options can be used as your pool’s exclusive heating source or in tandem with a conventional heater or heat pump. While the latter option will require some reliance on non-renewable energy sources, it may be a preferable option for people who like to have greater control over the heating of their pool. However, if you want to be able to significantly increase your pool’s water temperature and to extend your swimming season while using only the sun’s energy, you may want to consider a slightly more elaborate solar pool heating system. Solar pool heating systems are available for in-ground and above ground swimming pools and use solar panels and other similar devices to make very effective use of the sun’s free energy. In fact, solar pool heating systems can raise the temperature of your pool by up to 15° with absolutely no utility costs.

Although the initial cost of solar pool heating systems with solar panels may be more expensive than other solar pool heating options, they will provide excellent performance for many years, making them a very attractive investment. Also, solar heating systems come in very convenient kits with all of the hardware and instructions required for smooth installation. As a matter of fact, with the availability of solar heating kits it’s easy to find and purchase just what you need for many different types of solar heating for swimming pools and spas. Whether you are using solar panels or solar pool blankets and reels, solar pool heating kits make installation fast and straightforward, allowing you to start harnessing free energy from the sun with minimal hassles and frustrations.

By: LindaG

Article Directory: http://www.articledashboard.com

Linda Gordon is swimming pool owner with more than 12 years experience of pool maintenance. She explains advantages of solar heating for swimming pools and spas. Learn how to save on heating bills with eco-friendly pool and spa heating solution.

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Ok so 3 more posts today that I’ve dug up – I’m an information JUNKIE on this stuff lately. Give em a browse and let me know what ya reckon. They’re just from a few different sites I’ve been surfing lately that are generally good for information like this…

Paw Prints

Visit www.minpinrescue.org/ for more information. * Project PAW has updated its Web site with more than 50 new photos and profiles of adoptable cats. …  Read More…

Find your passion, then volunteer

20 and 21, 2010; details are online at svpuzzle.org). We also sponsor a fun volunteer-run event created by the American Institute of Mathematics and Morgan …  Read More…

Grand Rapids: A relaxed urban getaway

NE, 616-957-1580, meijergardens.org The Gerald Ford Museum, as the downtown maps abbreviate the name, is just across the Grand River, a block west of …  Read More…
That’s all the news for today guys, so until next time, thanks for stopping by.

I need some help with an assignment I'm working on..

These are the two questions I wish to address;

1) What is an energy-efficient home?

2) How important is it to you to build an energy-efficient home? Why?

Thanks in advance for the help. =]

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Daily Motivation For Business

Daily motivation has two very important principles – knowledge and high energy. Knowledge is the key to confidence. When you are empowered with knowledge on a certain product, issue or situation, you can act confidently. If you are unsure of what to do, you will lack the confidence to step up and act in a way that the situation demands. Empower your team with the knowledge to act independently and efficiently.

High Energy at the work place makes for a dynamic work environment. These days, employees spend a better part of their day at work and it’s important that the leader should charge the work environment with energy. This way, you can ensure that the employees love their work place and enjoy coming in to work.

Are there some mantras that you can use to provide daily motivation to your employees? Yes, there are! Let’s find out what they are.

Before Work, Pep your Employees Up

Yes, there are a lot of things to do and yes, there are deadlines to meet. Clients are hammering on your head and demanding results and you need to get down to the work at hand ASAP. However, take the time to pep your employees up when they come in to work. How you say matters just as much as what you say. A few words of encouragement spoken genuinely will definitely go a long way in motivating your employees.

Take the Time to be Nice to Them

Whatever your work load, there is always time to be nice to your employees. Make them feel respected and wanted. Call them by their names. In leisure time chat up with them and talk of things beyond work. Think of your employees as individuals and not just a means to an end. Work constantly to earn the trust of your employees. Hear what they have to say, address their problems immediately and convey to them that you count on them. Once your employees know that, they will try their best to live up to your expectations.

Communicate Openly With Them

Communication between a leader and the team is very important. It is not advisable to keep your employees in the dark about any plans the company has on expansion or change. If they get the same information from other sources, they might feel vulnerable and a little betrayed too. If there is lack of communication, there can be rifts in the team, and employees may start distancing themselves from their leader and
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the company.

Appreciate openly, Remand Privately

If your employees work well, do not hold back the appreciation and reward due to him. Always give your employees a pat on the back for a job well done. Organize incentives to motivate them further and provide enough opportunities for growth and advancement. In case he makes a mistake, avoid criticizing him publicly. The aim of criticism is not to humiliate but to teach. Take him aside and talk to him privately.

Once daily motivation becomes part and parcel of your organizational structure, you will be able to notice great changes in the way employees go about their work. They will be happier and more involved in what they do and their productivity will also go up.

By: Victor Ghebre

Article Directory: http://www.articledashboard.com

Victor Ghebre is the editor of Settinggoals101.com where you get practical tips and information on goal Setting, motivation, leadership and more.

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dinary People Who Earns Big Time
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We have a new furnace with heat pump and compressor.
In winter, it heats up the house.
In summer, it cools the house.

Does it consume more energy heating up or cooling the house?

PS: I don't need any rude response.

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